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House of Habsburg
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Everything about Habsburg-lorraine totally explained
Habsburg (sometimes anglicized to " Hapsburg") and the successor family, Habsburg-Lorraine, were important ruling houses of Europe and are best known as the ruling House of Spain and the ruling Houses of Austria (and the Austrian Empire and its successors) where the dynasty reigned for over six centuries.
Aside from inherited dignities and lands, the dynasty's members were frequently elected to be the "Emperor of the Romans", who nominally led the far flung, fragmented and factional states of the Holy Roman Empire, including the roughly 1800 states of the Germanies.
Their principal roles were as:
- German Kings (several centuries to 1806), mostly also as
- Holy Roman Emperors, and
- Rulers of Austria (as Dukes 1282–1453, Archdukes 1453–1804, and Emperors 1804–1918),
- Kings of Bohemia (1306–1307, 1437–1439, 1453–1457, 1526–1918),
- Kings of Hungary (1437–1439, 1445–1457, 1526–1918),
- Kings of Croatia (1437–1439, 1445–1457, 1527–1918),
- Kings of Spain (1516–1700),
- Kings of Portugal (1580–1640),
- Kings of Galizia and Lodomeria (1772–1918), and
- Grand Princes of Transylvania (1690–1918).
- Grand Dukes of Tuscany (1737–1801; 1814–1860).
- Archdukes of Austria-Este ; and the Dukedoms of Montferrat and Chablis.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Grand dukes of Tuscany
- Francis Stephen 1737-1765 (later Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor)
Francis Stephen assigned the grand duchy of Tuscany to his second son Peter Leopold, who in turn assigned it to his second son upon his accession as Holy Roman Emperor. Tuscany remained the domain of this cadet branch of the family until Italian unification.
Peter Leopold 1765-1790 (later Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor)
Ferdinand III 1790-1800, 1814-1824 (→Family Tree)
Leopold II 1824-1849, 1849-1859
Ferdinand IV 1859-1860
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Tuscany line, post monarchy
Ferdinand IV 1860-1908
Archduke Joseph Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany 1908-1942
Archduke Peter Ferdinand, Prince of Tuscany 1942-1948
Archduke Gottfried, Prince of Tuscany 1948-1984
Archduke Leopold Franz, Prince of Tuscany 1948-1993
Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany 1993-Present
see Line of succession to the Tuscan Throne
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Dukes of Modena
The duchy of Modena was assigned to a minor branch of the family by the Congress of Vienna. It was lost to Italian unification.
Francis IV 1814-1831, 1831-1846 (→Family Tree)
Francis V 1846-1848, 1849-1859
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Modena line, post monarchy
Francis V (1859-1875)
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Este (1875-1914)
Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este (1914-1917)
Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este (1917-1996)
Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este (1996-Present)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Empress consort of France
Marie Louise of Austria 1810-1814
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Duchess of Parma
The duchy of Parma was likewise assigned to a Habsburg, but didn't stay in the House long before succumbing to Italian unification. It was granted to the second wife of Napoleon I of France, Maria Luisa Duchess of Parma, a daughter of the Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, who was the mother of Napoleon II of France. Napoleon had divorced his wife Rose de Tascher de la Pagerie (better known to history as Josephine de Beauharnais) in her favour.
Maria Luisa 1814-1847 (→Family Tree)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine: Emperor of Mexico
Maximilian, an adventurous younger son, was invited as part of Napoleon III's manipulations to take the throne of Mexico, becoming Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico. The conservative Mexicans, as well as the clergy, supported this Second Mexican Empire. His consort, Empress Carlota of Mexico, born a Belgian princess of the House of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, encouraged her husband's acceptance of the Mexican crown and accompanied him to Mexico. The adventure didn't end well. Maximilian was shot in "Cerro de las Campanas" in 1867 by the republican forces of Benito Juarez.
Maximilian I 1864-1867) (→Family Tree)
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Emperors of Austria
Francis I, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835: formerly Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor (→Family Tree)
Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria 1835–1848
Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria 1848–1916.
Charles I, Emperor of Austria 1916–1918. He died in exile in 1922. His wife was of the House of Bourbon-Parma.
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Heads of the House of Habsburg (post-monarchy)
Charles I was expelled from his domains after World War I and the empire was abolished.
Charles I (1918-1922) (→Family Tree)
Otto von Habsburg (1912-present)
Zita of Bourbon-Parma, guardian, (1922-1930)
Karl Habsburg-Lothringen, successor in due course to Otto
see Line of succession to the Austria-Hungary Throne
Burials
See Imperial Crypt in Vienna.
Habsburgs as Kings of Hungary
The kingship of Hungary remained in the Habsburg family for centuries; but as the kingship wasn't strictly inherited (Hungary was an elective monarchy till 1687) and was sometimes used as a training ground for young Habsburgs, the dates of rule don't always match those of the primary Habsburg possessions. Therefore, the kings of Hungary are listed separately.
Albertine line: Kings of Hungary
Albert, king of Hungary 1437–1439
Ladislaus V Posthumus, King of Hungary 1444–1457
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Hungary
Ferdinand I, king of Hungary 1526–1564
Maximilian I, king of Hungary 1563–1576
Rudolf I, king of Hungary 1572–1608
Matthias II, king of Hungary 1608–1619
Ferdinand II, king of Hungary 1618–1637
Ferdinand III, king of Hungary 1625–1657
Ferdinand IV, king of Hungary 1647–1654
Leopold I, king of Hungary 1655–1705
Joseph I, king of Hungary 1687–1711
Charles III, king of Hungary 1711–1740
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Hungary
Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary 1741–1780
Joseph II, king of Hungary 1780–1790
Leopold II, king of Hungary 1790–1792
Francis, king of Hungary 1792–1835
Ferdinand V, king of Hungary 1835–1848
Francis Joseph I, king of Hungary 1867–1916
Charles IV, king of Hungary 1916–1918
Habsburgs as Kings of Bohemia
The kingship of Bohemia was from 1306 a position elected by its nobles. As a result, it wasn't an automatically inherited position. Until rule of the Ferdinand I Habsburgs didn't gain hereditary accession to the throne and were shifted by other dynasties. Hence, the kings of Bohemia and their ruling dates are listed separately.
Main line: Kings of Bohemia
Rudolph I, king of Bohemia 1306-1307
Albertine line: Kings of Bohemia
Albert, king of Bohemia 1437–1439
Ladislaus Posthumus, king of Bohemia 1453–1457
Austrian Habsburgs: Kings of Bohemia
Ferdinand I, king of Bohemia 1526–1564
Maximilian I, king of Bohemia 1563–1576
Rudolph II, king of Bohemia 1572–1611
Matthias, king of Bohemia 1611–1618
Ferdinand II, king of Bohemia 1621–1637
Ferdinand III, king of Bohemia 1625–1657
Ferdinand IV, king of Bohemia 1647–1654
Leopold I, king of Bohemia 1655–1705
Joseph I, king of Bohemia 1687–1711
Charles II, king of Bohemia 1711–1740
House of Habsburg-Lorraine, main line: Kings of Bohemia
From the accession of Maria Theresa, the kingship of Bohemia became united with the Austrian possessions.
Maria Theresa, queen of Bohemia 1743–1780
Joseph II, king of Bohemia 1780–1790
Leopold II, king of Bohemia 1790–1792
Francis, king of Bohemia 1792–1835
Ferdinand V, king of Bohemia 1835–1848
Francis Joseph I, king of Bohemia 1848–1916
Charles III, king of Bohemia 1916–1918
Habsburgs as Queens Consort of France
From the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, the greatest non-Habsburg power in Europe was usually France. As a result, in usually futile attempts to either unite Europe under the Habsburg family or to prevent French enmity, Habsburg daughters were wed to successive kings of France.
Pre-division Habsburgs
Eleanor of Habsburg, Infanta of Spain (1498-1558), wife of King Francis I of France.
Austrian Habsburgs
Elisabeth of Austria (1554-1592), wife of King Charles IX of France
Spanish Habsburgs
Anne of Austria, infanta of Spain, (1601–1666), wife of King Louis XIII
Maria Theresa of Spain (1638–1683), wife of King Louis XIV
Habsburg-Lorraine
Marie Antoinette (1755–1793), wife of King Louis XVI
Marie Louise (1791 -1847), second wife of Emperor Napoleon I.
Habsburgs as Queens Consort of Portugal
Due to its proximaty (geographic, strategic and religious) the Habsburgs always consolidated their aliances with the portuguese Royal House of Aviz, which gave them this Kingdom in 1580. When the Braganzas expelled the Spanish Habsburgs (1640), new alliances were set-up, this time with the Austrian Habsburgs.
Pre-division Habsburgs
Eleanor of Habsburg, Infanta of Spain (1498-1558), third wife of King Manuel I of Portugal. When she became a widow, she remaried, this time with king Francis I of France.
Catherine of Habsburg, Infanta of Spain (1507-1578), wife of King John III of Portugal
Austrian Habsburgs
Marie Anne, Archduchess of Austria (1683–1754), wife of King John V of Portugal
Habsburg-Lorraine
Marie Leopoldina, Archduchess of Austria (1797-1826), first wife of Peter I, Emperor of Brazil, also known as Peter IV, King of Portugal. Marie Leopoldina was Marie Louise younger sister.Further Information
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